[{"k":"Experiment","t":"Media Observation","u":"/experiments/movie/","s":"Film & media · No. 0001","q":"Media Observation Media observation Film & media The fly watches a film on a television, works at a research computer and pins timestamped frame evidence and red string to a corkboard when a measured neural response crosses a set threshold. movie"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Synthetic Analprint Assay","u":"/experiments/surface/","s":"Labs & senses · No. 0002","q":"Synthetic Analprint Assay Synthetic analprint Labs & senses The fly is moved through six prescribed viewpoints over an enlarged procedural radial-fold surface. Its downstream neural responses are classified by an external nearest-centroid readout to test synthetic surface discrimination. surface"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Retinal Bench","u":"/experiments/vision-lab/","s":"Labs & senses · No. 0003","q":"Retinal Bench Vision / retinal bench Labs & senses The fly faces a calibration display of bars, looming discs, gratings, half-fields or uniform white and black. The 32-column retinal input actually delivered is compared with direct drive of LC4/LPLC2 and LC10a. vision-lab"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Odor Room","u":"/experiments/odor-lab/","s":"Labs & senses · No. 0004","q":"Odor Room Smell / odor room Labs & senses The fly is placed or flown beside four labeled specimens: ripe fruit, microbial substrate, waste and decay. Supplied odor-proxy concentrations are compared with recorded receptor and relay responses. odor-lab"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Taste and Feeding Bench","u":"/experiments/taste-lab/","s":"Labs & senses · No. 0005","q":"Taste and Feeding Bench Taste / feeding Labs & senses A probe contacts annotated labellar or taste-peg afferents of the fly and proboscis motor output (MN9) is measured. MN9 can also be driven directly as an actuator check. taste-lab"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Antennal Mechanics Bench","u":"/experiments/antenna-lab/","s":"Labs & senses · No. 0006","q":"Antennal Mechanics Bench Hearing / antennal mechanics Labs & senses Slow auditory envelopes or wind displacement are applied to annotated antennal afferents of the fly, and downstream responses are measured against a disconnected control. antenna-lab"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Touch and Grooming Bench","u":"/experiments/touch-lab/","s":"Labs & senses · No. 0007","q":"Touch and Grooming Bench Touch / grooming Labs & senses A contact probe delivers tactile pulses to the fly's bristle and thoracic afferents, and the response is compared with direct stimulation of anterior and abdominal grooming command populations. touch-lab"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Proprioception Bench","u":"/experiments/proprio-lab/","s":"Labs & senses · No. 0008","q":"Proprioception Bench Proprioception / limb feedback Labs & senses A controlled joint-motion or load proxy is applied to the fly's chordotonal and campaniform afferents, and responses are measured in annotated proprioceptive and motor populations. proprio-lab"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Temperature Bench","u":"/experiments/thermal-lab/","s":"Labs & senses · No. 0009","q":"Temperature Bench Temperature / warming and cooling Labs & senses Normalized warming and cooling inputs are delivered to the fly's identified VP2 and VP3 thermosensory pathways, and the two channels are compared against disconnected controls. thermal-lab"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Humidity Bench","u":"/experiments/humidity-lab/","s":"Labs & senses · No. 0010","q":"Humidity Bench Humidity / dry and moist air Labs & senses Dry-air and moist-air inputs are delivered separately to the fly's VP4 and VP5 hygrosensory channels, and each response is measured against a disconnected control. humidity-lab"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Motor Circuits Bench","u":"/experiments/motor-lab/","s":"Labs & senses · No. 0011","q":"Motor Circuits Bench Responses / motor circuits Labs & senses Identified command populations in the fly's connectome (steering, escape, forward and backward walking, halting, freezing, grooming and proboscis output) are stimulated directly and downstream propagation is measured. motor-lab"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Navigation and Memory Bench","u":"/experiments/navigation-lab/","s":"Labs & senses · No. 0012","q":"Navigation and Memory Bench Navigation / memory circuits Labs & senses Heading, goal-to-steering and reinforcement populations in the fly's connectome are pulsed directly inside a ring of twelve posts, and recovery after each pulse measures transient persistence. navigation-lab"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Dealey Plaza Moving-Target Diorama","u":"/experiments/depository/","s":"History & training · No. 0013","q":"Dealey Plaza Moving-Target Diorama Dealey Plaza / moving-target training History & training The fly occupies the exposed sixth-floor book room of a miniature depository with a scoped rifle while an empty open-top limousine travels the plaza road at the documented 11.2 mph average. depository"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Boeing 767-200ER and Twin Towers Reconstruction","u":"/experiments/airliner/","s":"History & training · No. 0014","q":"Boeing 767-200ER and Twin Towers Reconstruction 767 / Twin Towers reconstruction History & training The fly sits at the controls of a procedural Boeing 767-200ER flight deck in a metric reconstruction of the World Trade Center towers; the default pre-programmed approach ends on the North Tower's north face within floors 93–99. airliner"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Portrait Bust Landing Training","u":"/experiments/pence/","s":"History & training · No. 0015","q":"Portrait Bust Landing Training Mike Pence / landing training History & training The fly flies a pre-programmed approach and lands on the white hair of a procedural portrait bust of Mike Pence whose face uses his official vice-presidential portrait. pence"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Astral Projection","u":"/experiments/astral/","s":"Altered states · No. 0016","q":"Astral Projection Astral projection / fly meditation Altered states The fly sits upright and cross-legged on a meditation cushion while a programmed rainbow copy of its body floats above it. An external readout trained on retinal responses selects the copy's lateral alignment with a luminous focus. astral"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Ruby and Oswald Photograph Reconstruction","u":"/experiments/ruby/","s":"History & training · No. 0017","q":"Ruby and Oswald Photograph Reconstruction Jack Ruby / fly reenactment History & training The fly occupies Jack Ruby's position in a non-graphic, all-fly reconstruction of Bob Jackson's published photograph; an external readout of measured neural rates selects the lateral endpoint of a pre-programmed, slowed projectile. ruby"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Communism Classroom Instruction","u":"/experiments/communism/","s":"History & training · No. 0018","q":"Communism Classroom Instruction Teaching the fly communism / classroom History & training The fly sits at a wooden school desk beneath an 1875 portrait of Karl Marx while the chalkboard presents one of three lessons; an external readout is trained to point toward a marked concept. communism"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Psychic Driving Tape Room (Subproject 68)","u":"/experiments/psychic-driving/","s":"History & training · No. 0019","q":"Psychic Driving Tape Room (Subproject 68) Psychic Driving / Subproject 68 History & training The fly sits in a padded listening chair wearing headphones wired to a reel-to-reel deck, in a period-style tape room that references Ewen Cameron and MKULTRA Subproject 68. psychic-driving"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Master Mason","u":"/experiments/master-mason/","s":"Rituals & ceremonies · No. 0020","q":"Master Mason Master Mason / lodge ceremony Rituals & ceremonies The fly is the candidate in a Third Degree ceremony of 52 stages following Duncan's 1866 monitor, representing Hiram Abiff in the legend of Hiram Abiff, through the raising and the closing. master-mason","f":1},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Auditing Session","u":"/experiments/scientology-audit/","s":"Rituals & ceremonies · No. 0021","q":"Auditing Session Scientology / auditing my fly Rituals & ceremonies The fly holds two metal electrode cans while an auditor fly poses a selected prompt and watches an E-meter needle across the desk. scientology-audit"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Eyes Wide Shut: The Masked Ceremony","u":"/experiments/eyes-wide-shut/","s":"Film & media · No. 0022","q":"Eyes Wide Shut: The Masked Ceremony Eyes Wide Shut / fly ceremony Film & media The fly, cloaked and masked, enters a crimson-carpeted hall, joins a ring around a red-cloaked officiant, is called forward alone and lowers its mask. eyes-wide-shut"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"The Monolith","u":"/experiments/monolith/","s":"Film & media · No. 0023","q":"The Monolith 2001 / fly and the monolith Film & media The fly approaches, touches and circles a black monolith beside a watering hole, picks up a bone club, strikes a rival fly and tosses the bone skyward. monolith"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Fly Dance Class","u":"/experiments/twerk/","s":"Film & media · No. 0024","q":"Fly Dance Class Twerk / fly dance class Film & media The fly attends a dance class in a wood-floor studio, following an instructor through stance, abdomen isolation and bouncing before an eight-count routine and a solo. twerk"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Cremation of Care","u":"/experiments/cremation-of-care/","s":"Rituals & ceremonies · No. 0025","q":"Cremation of Care Bohemian Grove / Cremation of Care Rituals & ceremonies The fly joins a torchlit procession in a redwood grove, follows a symbolic Care effigy across a lake by ferry and kindles the pyre at the feet of a large owl sculpture. cremation-of-care"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Slapfighting","u":"/experiments/slapfight/","s":"Film & media · No. 0026","q":"Slapfighting Slapfighting / fly arena Film & media The fly and an opponent take alternating turns slapping each other across a padded table while a referee and six spectators watch. slapfight"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Dinosaur River Raft Ride","u":"/experiments/dinosaur-river-raft/","s":"Rides & exploration · No. 0027","q":"Dinosaur River Raft Ride  Rides & exploration The fly rides in the front row of a yellow river raft with five fly passengers past procedural dinosaurs, up a conveyor lift to a Tyrannosaurus at the crest, and down a steep flume to splashdown. dinosaur-river-raft"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Salvia Room Transformation","u":"/experiments/salvia/","s":"Altered states · No. 0028","q":"Salvia Room Transformation Salvia / unzipping reality Altered states The fly rests beside a glass water pipe as the room stretches, unzips along giant seams and opens onto a carnival of rainbow flies and machinery, then closes back to its opening state. salvia"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"K-Hole Descent","u":"/experiments/ketamine/","s":"Altered states · No. 0029","q":"K-Hole Descent Ketamine / the K-hole Altered states The fly sits beside a club dance floor, separates from the room and descends through nested rings and door frames into a dark void of floating room fragments before rising back to the club. ketamine"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"LSD Conservatory","u":"/experiments/lsd/","s":"Altered states · No. 0030","q":"LSD Conservatory LSD / living color and trails Altered states The fly stands in an indoor garden whose leaves breathe and whose floor develops moving contours; the garden unfolds into a mandala while colored silhouettes trail the fly. lsd"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"The Laboratory Set","u":"/experiments/meth-lab/","s":"Film & media · No. 0031","q":"The Laboratory Set Meth lab / fictional film set Film & media The fly moves through a modeled laboratory film set among decorative glassware and rendered vapor, ending with a cut to a tray of premade blue crystal props. meth-lab"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Sunday Mass (Roman Rite)","u":"/experiments/catholic-mass/","s":"Rituals & ceremonies · No. 0032","q":"Sunday Mass (Roman Rite) Catholic Mass / Sunday Roman Rite Rituals & ceremonies The fly attends a condensed Sunday Mass in Ordinary Time as one of 24 fly parishioners, following U.S. postures and receiving Communion individually from the priest. catholic-mass","f":1},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Red Laser DMT","u":"/experiments/dmt-laser/","s":"Altered states · No. 0033","q":"Red Laser DMT Red Laser DMT / machine elves Altered states The fly watches a red laser projection on a wall as the room melts into a jeweled tunnel, twelve holographic fly figures present geometric jewels, and the room reassembles to its opening state. dmt-laser","f":1},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Boat Ride of Nations","u":"/experiments/boat-ride-of-nations/","s":"Rides & exploration · No. 0034","q":"Boat Ride of Nations  Rides & exploration The fly rides a boat through the flooded show rooms of a Florida theme-park boat ride, past 289 costumed fly figures arranged by world region, ending in a white-and-gold finale. boat-ride-of-nations"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Seven-Inversion Launch Coaster","u":"/experiments/launch-coaster/","s":"Rides & exploration · No. 0035","q":"Seven-Inversion Launch Coaster  Rides & exploration The fly rides in the front row of an eight-car, four-abreast train on a reference-based model of a launched coaster in Orlando, through an inclined launch tunnel and seven inversions. launch-coaster"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Mars HiRISE Terrain Survey","u":"/experiments/mars-hirise/","s":"Rides & exploration · No. 0036","q":"Mars HiRISE Terrain Survey Mars / HiRISE terrain exploration Rides & exploration The fly, enlarged to tens of metres, walks a looping five-stop survey route across Martian terrain built from published HiRISE stereo elevation models and aligned orthoimages. mars-hirise","f":1},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Seed of Life Sequence","u":"/experiments/seed-of-life/","s":"Altered states · No. 0037","q":"Seed of Life Sequence Seed of Life / Tree / Metatron Altered states The fly watches seven intersecting circles become a ten-point Tree of Life, then thirteen centers joined by 78 connections, which lift into depth and rotate with accelerating speed. seed-of-life"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Little Saint James Pavilion Expedition","u":"/experiments/epstein-island/","s":"Rides & exploration · No. 0038","q":"Little Saint James Pavilion Expedition Epstein Island / fly reconnaissance Rides & exploration The fly and five other flies arrive by motorboat at a reference-based reconstruction of the striped pavilion on Little Saint James and enter it. The model also includes an underground room with 24 rendered camera feeds; this room is not documented in the cited sources. epstein-island"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Dee and Kelley: Scrying Uriel","u":"/experiments/dee-uriel/","s":"Rituals & ceremonies · No. 0039","q":"Dee and Kelley: Scrying Uriel Dee & Kelley / scrying Uriel Rituals & ceremonies The fly, as Edward Kelley, watches the framed stone at John Dee's Holy Table while a second fly as Dee questions and records, until Uriel, then a chair and table, appear inside the stone. dee-uriel"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"The Abramelin Operation","u":"/experiments/abramelin/","s":"Rituals & ceremonies · No. 0040","q":"The Abramelin Operation Abramelin / the six-month operation Rituals & ceremonies The fly, as aspirant, undertakes a condensed six-month Abramelin operation in a domestic oratory, from preparation and increasing prayer to the guardian and exterior convocations. abramelin","f":1},{"k":"Experiment","t":"The Babalon Working","u":"/experiments/babalon-working/","s":"Rituals & ceremonies · No. 0041","q":"The Babalon Working Moonchild / the Babalon Working Rituals & ceremonies The fly, as Jack Parsons, follows Parsons's 1946 record of the Babalon Working across Pasadena and the Mojave, with two further flies as L. Ron Hubbard (scribe) and Marjorie Cameron. babalon-working"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"The 31st Degree","u":"/experiments/degree-31/","s":"Rituals & ceremonies · No. 0042","q":"The 31st Degree 31st Degree / Inspector Inquisitor Rituals & ceremonies The fly occupies the candidate's role in a complete presentation of a supplied Thirty-first Degree ritual text, from the cave prelude through four Egyptian altars, the weighing, judgment and investiture to the return to the cave. degree-31","f":1},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Goat Laboratory Concentration Trial","u":"/experiments/goat-lab/","s":"History & training · No. 0043","q":"Goat Laboratory Concentration Trial Goat Lab / mind over matter History & training The fly holds both forelegs to its head in a period military test room while a goat shakes, heats, smokes and, at 30 seconds, ruptures into 128 fragments. goat-lab"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Salt Lake Temple Endowment (c. 1912)","u":"/experiments/salt-lake-temple/","s":"Rituals & ceremonies · No. 0044","q":"Salt Lake Temple Endowment (c. 1912) Salt Lake Temple / historical endowment Rituals & ceremonies The fly takes the candidate's role in a circa-1912 historical endowment visit, moving from preparation and initiatory rites through the live presentation, prayer circle and veil to the Celestial Room. salt-lake-temple"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Torture Chamber: Six Documented Devices","u":"/experiments/torture-chamber/","s":"History & training · No. 0045","q":"Torture Chamber: Six Documented Devices Torture chamber / six stations History & training The fly tours a vaulted stone chamber and is placed at six documented early-modern devices in turn, while optional bounded direct stimulation and paired dose sweeps measure the fixed connectome model's response. torture-chamber"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Skull and Bones: Connubial Bliss","u":"/experiments/skull-and-bones/","s":"Rituals & ceremonies · No. 0046","q":"Skull and Bones: Connubial Bliss Skull and Bones / Connubial Bliss Rituals & ceremonies The fly lies supine in an open, velvet-lined coffin while ten cloaked fly members stand around it, in a 45-second pre-programmed sequence beneath a white fly-head emblem and the number 322. skull-and-bones"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Nutty Putty Cave Entrapment (2009)","u":"/experiments/nutty-putty/","s":"Rides & exploration · No. 0047","q":"Nutty Putty Cave Entrapment (2009) Nutty Putty / cave entrapment Rides & exploration In a fly-scale limestone passage, the fly crawls through a left-hand bend and descends head-first into a steep squeeze, where it becomes wedged; two rescuer flies reach it and attempt a short haul. nutty-putty"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Philadelphia Experiment Legend Model","u":"/experiments/philadelphia-experiment/","s":"History & training · No. 0048","q":"Philadelphia Experiment Legend Model Philadelphia Experiment / vanishing ship History & training In a model of the legend, the fly stands aboard a destroyer escort as experimental coils energize, a green field closes around the ship, and the vessel disappears, rematerializes in another harbor and returns with crew embedded in its steel. philadelphia-experiment"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Apollo Landing (Studio Reveal)","u":"/experiments/apollo-studio/","s":"Film & media · No. 0049","q":"Apollo Landing (Studio Reveal) Apollo landing / fictional Kubrick studio Film & media The fly descends a lunar module ladder, sets a flag and collects a sample. Zooming out reveals a director and camera crew beyond the edge of the set; they are included in the model without a documented source. apollo-studio"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Double-Slit Detector","u":"/experiments/double-slit/","s":"Labs & senses · No. 0050","q":"Double-Slit Detector Double slit / fly-linked detector Labs & senses The fly stands beside a two-slit apparatus. Rotating the fly to face the apparatus enables a programmed which-path detector; turning it away disables the detector and restores the interference pattern. double-slit"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"The Shining: Six Scenes","u":"/experiments/shining-medley/","s":"Film & media · No. 0051","q":"The Shining: Six Scenes The Shining / six-scene fly medley Film & media The fly and supporting flies move through six silent Overlook scenes, from a tricycle ride through the patterned corridor to the Gold Room bar. shining-medley"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Chocolate River Boat Tunnel (1971)","u":"/experiments/chocolate-river-tunnel/","s":"Rides & exploration · No. 0052","q":"Chocolate River Boat Tunnel (1971)  Rides & exploration The fly boards a pink paddle boat in a confectionery garden, travels down a chocolate river and passes through a dark tunnel of projected eyes, crawling silhouettes and spirals before arriving at a calm landing. chocolate-river-tunnel"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"The Ludovico Technique","u":"/experiments/ludovico/","s":"Film & media · No. 0053","q":"The Ludovico Technique Ludovico Technique / screening any video Film & media The fly is seated in a restraint chair facing a projection screen that plays any selected YouTube video or locally prepared film. Each screened frame reaches the connectome model as 32 luminance columns. ludovico"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"The War Room","u":"/experiments/war-room/","s":"Film & media · No. 0054","q":"The War Room Dr. Strangelove / War Room and bomb ride Film & media The fly sits at the War Room's round table as an aide, then becomes the B-52 commander who rides the released bomb toward a snowfield, in a procedural model of the sets of Dr. Strangelove (1964) populated entirely by flies. war-room"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"The Impossible Overlook","u":"/experiments/overlook-floorplan/","s":"Film & media · No. 0055","q":"The Impossible Overlook Room 237 / impossible Overlook floor plan Film & media The fly walks a joined procedural model of the sets of The Shining (1980) to inspect ten documented spatial contradictions and continuity changes, then links them on a corkboard with red string. overlook-floorplan"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"The Star Gate","u":"/experiments/stargate-corridor/","s":"Film & media · No. 0056","q":"The Star Gate 2001 / Star Gate corridor Film & media The fly rides a small white pod through slit-scan light planes, nebulae and false-colour landscapes into a lit-floor bedroom while horizontal-motion, vertical-motion and looming populations are measured. stargate-corridor"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Alien Autopsy (1995)","u":"/experiments/alien-autopsy/","s":"Film & media · No. 0057","q":"Alien Autopsy (1995) Alien Autopsy / 1995 film set Film & media The fly films a purported \"1947\" autopsy reel of a draped cast figure; the camera then pulls back to reveal the 1995 plywood set built inside a London flat. alien-autopsy"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"The Vault of the Adepti","u":"/experiments/vault-adepti/","s":"Rituals & ceremonies · No. 0058","q":"The Vault of the Adepti Vault of the Adepti / Golden Dawn 5=6 Rituals & ceremonies The fly occupies the aspirant's role in the Adeptus Minor grade ceremony in the seven-sided Vault of Christian Rosenkreutz, following the three Points of the Stella Matutina ritual published by Israel Regardie. vault-adepti"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Haunted Estate Dark Ride","u":"/experiments/haunted-estate/","s":"Rides & exploration · No. 0060","q":"Haunted Estate Dark Ride  Rides & exploration The fly walks through a candlelit foyer and a stretching room, then boards a continuously moving clamshell vehicle on a theme-park dark ride, passing a Pepper's ghost ballroom illusion, an attic, a graveyard and a mirror crypt. haunted-estate"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Apollo Landing Site Terrain Survey","u":"/experiments/apollo-site-lroc/","s":"Rides & exploration · No. 0061","q":"Apollo Landing Site Terrain Survey Apollo landing site / LROC terrain Rides & exploration The fly, enlarged to about 7 m, traverses stereo-derived Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter terrain at Apollo landing sites, stopping at published positions of the lunar module, surface experiments and nearby craters. apollo-site-lroc"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Project Pigeon Nose-Cone Guidance","u":"/experiments/project-pigeon/","s":"History & training · No. 0064","q":"Project Pigeon Nose-Cone Guidance Project Pigeon / nose-cone guidance History & training In a counterfactual substitution, the fly takes the pigeon's place in the nose cone of a guided glide vehicle; in closed-loop mode its measured DNa02 right-minus-left firing rate turns the vehicle toward a projected target ship. project-pigeon"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Obedience Study Reconstruction (Milgram, 1963)","u":"/experiments/milgram/","s":"History & training · No. 0065","q":"Obedience Study Reconstruction (Milgram, 1963) Milgram / obedience study History & training The fly serves as the teacher in a fly-based reconstruction of Stanley Milgram's 1961–62 Yale obedience experiments, reading word pairs and pressing switches on a simulated shock generator while an experimenter fly gives the four standardized prods. milgram"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Flight Simulator","u":"/experiments/flight-simulator/","s":"Labs & senses · No. 0067","q":"Flight Simulator Flight simulator / torque-meter arena Labs & senses The fly is tethered to a torque meter inside a cylindrical panorama of four T patterns. In closed loop, its measured DNa02 right-minus-left rate turns the panorama while heat is paired with one pattern type. flight-simulator"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"T-Maze Odor Conditioning","u":"/experiments/t-maze/","s":"Labs & senses · No. 0068","q":"T-Maze Odor Conditioning T-maze / odor conditioning Labs & senses The fly undergoes a condensed Tully & Quinn odor-shock protocol: one odor paired with twelve shocks, a second odor unpaired, then a choice between two arms selected by a documented rule applied to measured readouts. t-maze"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Courtship Chamber","u":"/experiments/courtship-chamber/","s":"Labs & senses · No. 0069","q":"Courtship Chamber Courtship chamber / male CNS Labs & senses The fly is assigned the male role because the retained connectome is a male CNS. It executes a pre-programmed courtship ethogram toward a female in a 10 mm chamber while LC10a, pC1, pIP10 and DNa02 rates are measured. courtship-chamber"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Looming Escape (Fly Swatter)","u":"/experiments/fly-swatter/","s":"Labs & senses · No. 0070","q":"Looming Escape (Fly Swatter) Fly swatter / looming escape Labs & senses The fly feeds on spilled sugar on a kitchen counter while four swats approach at constant velocity. In closed loop, a measured DNp01 giant-fiber spike before contact triggers a pre-programmed takeoff. fly-swatter"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Ganzfeld Protocol","u":"/experiments/ganzfeld/","s":"Labs & senses · No. 0071","q":"Ganzfeld Protocol Ganzfeld / uniform field Labs & senses The fly, as receiver, sits under red light with fly-scaled halved ping-pong balls over its eyes while a sender fly views a seeded target picture in another room. A pick among four candidates is then recorded. ganzfeld"},{"k":"Experiment","t":"Dreamachine","u":"/experiments/dreamachine/","s":"Altered states · No. 0072","q":"Dreamachine Dreamachine / flicker cylinder Altered states The fly sits facing a slotted cylinder that turns on a record turntable around a bare bulb in a modeled 1960s Paris hotel room. The slot flicker reaches its retina as frames rendered 20 ms apart. dreamachine"},{"k":"Run in browser","t":"Master Mason","u":"/experiments/master-mason/run/","s":"Opens the browser preview","q":"run play try browser Master Mason Rituals & ceremonies"},{"k":"Run in browser","t":"The Abramelin Operation","u":"/experiments/abramelin/run/","s":"Opens the browser preview","q":"run play try browser The Abramelin Operation Rituals & ceremonies"},{"k":"Run in browser","t":"Red Laser DMT","u":"/experiments/dmt-laser/run/","s":"Opens the browser preview","q":"run play try browser Red Laser DMT Altered states"},{"k":"Run in browser","t":"Seed of Life Sequence","u":"/experiments/seed-of-life/run/","s":"Opens the browser preview","q":"run play try browser Seed of Life Sequence Altered states"},{"k":"Run in browser","t":"Sunday Mass (Roman Rite)","u":"/experiments/catholic-mass/run/","s":"Opens the browser preview","q":"run play try browser Sunday Mass (Roman Rite) Rituals & ceremonies"},{"k":"Run in browser","t":"Double-Slit Detector","u":"/experiments/double-slit/run/","s":"Opens the browser preview","q":"run play try browser Double-Slit Detector Labs & senses"},{"k":"Run in browser","t":"The Babalon Working","u":"/experiments/babalon-working/run/","s":"Opens the browser preview","q":"run play try browser The Babalon Working Rituals & ceremonies"},{"k":"Topic","t":"Rituals & ceremonies","u":"/experiments/rituals-and-ceremonies/","s":"Masonic degrees, religious services and ceremonial workings, with a fruit fly as the participant.","q":"Rituals & ceremonies Fly rituals and ceremonies. Masonic degrees, religious services and ceremonial workings, with a fruit fly as the participant. The fly takes part in ceremonies reconstructed from published sources: the Master Mason degree after Duncan’s 1866 monitor and a Scottish Rite 31st Degree, a Roman Rite Sunday Mass, the Salt Lake Temple endowment as of about 1912, the Golden Dawn’s Vault of the Adepti, Skull and Bones, the Bohemian Grove’s Cremation of Care, a Scientology auditing session, John Dee and Edward Kelley’s scrying of the angel Uriel, the Abramelin operation and Jack Parsons’s Babalon Working."},{"k":"Topic","t":"Film & media","u":"/experiments/film-and-media/","s":"Rooms and sets modeled on films and filmed events, seen through a fruit fly’s eyes.","q":"Film & media The fly at the movies. Rooms and sets modeled on films and filmed events, seen through a fruit fly’s eyes. The fly in the Ludovico screening room from A Clockwork Orange, the War Room from Dr. Strangelove, the Overlook Hotel and six scenes from The Shining, the Star Gate and the monolith from 2001: A Space Odyssey, the masked ceremony from Eyes Wide Shut, the 1995 alien autopsy film and an Apollo landing set, plus a dance class and slapfighting. In Media Observation the fly watches films and pins timestamped observations to a corkboard."},{"k":"Topic","t":"Rides & exploration","u":"/experiments/rides-and-exploration/","s":"Theme-park rides, real planetary terrain and expeditions, at fly scale.","q":"Rides & exploration Rides and expeditions. Theme-park rides, real planetary terrain and expeditions, at fly scale. A haunted estate dark ride, a seven-inversion launch coaster, a dinosaur river raft ride, a boat ride of nations and the 1971 chocolate river boat tunnel; surveys of actual NASA terrain models of Mars (HiRISE) and of the Apollo 11 and 15 landing sites (LROC); an expedition to the Little Saint James pavilion; and the 2009 Nutty Putty Cave entrapment."},{"k":"Topic","t":"History & training","u":"/experiments/history-and-training/","s":"Historical experiments, events and training scenarios, rebuilt around a fruit fly.","q":"History & training History and training. Historical experiments, events and training scenarios, rebuilt around a fruit fly. B. F. Skinner’s Project Pigeon, Stanley Milgram’s 1963 obedience study, the Philadelphia Experiment legend, Dealey Plaza and the Ruby and Oswald photograph, a Boeing 767-200ER and the Twin Towers, psychic driving under MKUltra Subproject 68, a goat laboratory, a communism classroom, a portrait bust landing and six documented early-modern torture devices."},{"k":"Topic","t":"Altered states","u":"/experiments/altered-states/","s":"Visual environments built around reported altered states, delivered to a fruit fly’s eyes.","q":"Altered states Altered states. Visual environments built around reported altered states, delivered to a fruit fly’s eyes. The Dreamachine’s flicker, astral projection, rooms built around reports of salvia, ketamine, LSD and the red laser DMT experience, and a Seed of Life sacred-geometry sequence. These are rendered visual scenes; no drug or pharmacology is modeled."},{"k":"Topic","t":"Labs & senses","u":"/experiments/labs-and-senses/","s":"Classic Drosophila assays and a bench for every sense.","q":"Labs & senses Labs and senses. Classic Drosophila assays and a bench for every sense. A flight simulator, T-maze odor conditioning, a courtship chamber, looming escape, a ganzfeld protocol, a double-slit which-path detector and a surface-recognition assay, plus benches for vision, smell, taste, antennal mechanics, touch, proprioception, temperature, humidity, motor circuits and navigation. Each delivers its stimulus to the connectome model’s matching sensory neurons."},{"k":"Page","t":"Home","u":"/","s":"A complete fly brain","q":"Home A complete fly brain home fly brain connectome"},{"k":"Page","t":"Try It","u":"/try/","s":"Experiments that run in your browser","q":"Try It Experiments that run in your browser try run play browser"},{"k":"Page","t":"The Workstation","u":"/workstation/","s":"Source code for Research Associates","q":"The Workstation Source code for Research Associates workstation download source code app software patreon"},{"k":"Page","t":"Setup guide","u":"/workstation/setup/","s":"macOS, Windows and Linux","q":"Setup guide macOS, Windows and Linux setup install guide prerequisites windows mac linux"},{"k":"Page","t":"Specimen 237","u":"/specimen-237/","s":"The fly, its body and its brain","q":"Specimen 237 The fly, its body and its brain about specimen 237 fly body brain neurons"},{"k":"Page","t":"Questions and answers","u":"/faq/","s":"What is real and what is measured","q":"Questions and answers What is real and what is measured faq questions answers"},{"k":"Page","t":"News","u":"/news/","s":"New experiments and changes","q":"News New experiments and changes news updates new latest changelog"},{"k":"Page","t":"Data and feeds","u":"/data/","s":"Machine-readable registry data","q":"Data and feeds Machine-readable registry data data json api feed rss openapi download"},{"k":"Page","t":"Methods and credits","u":"/methods/","s":"How the simulation works","q":"Methods and credits How the simulation works methods credits licenses science"},{"k":"Page","t":"Suggestions","u":"/suggestions/","s":"Suggest what the fly does next","q":"Suggestions Suggest what the fly does next suggest idea request social"},{"k":"Page","t":"Commission an experiment","u":"/suggestions/#commission","s":"$237, delivered in 14 days","q":"Commission an experiment $237, delivered in 14 days commission buy order custom paid"},{"k":"Page","t":"Sponsor an experiment","u":"/suggestions/#sponsor","s":"From $1,000","q":"Sponsor an experiment From $1,000 sponsor brand advertise product placement"},{"k":"Question","t":"What is TheFlyBrain?","u":"/faq/#what-is-theflybrain","s":"","q":"What is TheFlyBrain? TheFlyBrain is a 3D fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) whose eyes feed a spiking model of the complete male fruit fly central nervous system, the MaleCNS v1.0 connectome with 166,700 neurons and 25,582,938 directed connections, and a public registry of the 68 experiments the fly has been put through. It is a division of Paranoid American Labs."},{"k":"Question","t":"Is the fly real?","u":"/faq/#is-the-fly-real","s":"","q":"Is the fly real? The fly is a computer model. Its body is NeuroMechFly v2, derived from micro-CT scans of a female fruit fly and articulated in 69 segments. Its nervous system is the MaleCNS v1.0 connectome, reconstructed from electron microscopy of a male fruit fly by FlyEM at HHMI Janelia. No living fly is used. The fly is named Specimen 237."},{"k":"Question","t":"Is the neural activity real?","u":"/faq/#is-the-neural-activity-real","s":"","q":"Is the neural activity real? On the workstation, every spike is produced by a leaky integrate-and-fire model of the full connectome running in 20 ms steps, and the spikes are recorded, not drawn. It is a mathematical model of the wiring diagram, not an electrophysiological recording of a living fly. The neural panels in the browser previews on this site are simulated."},{"k":"Question","t":"What is a connectome?","u":"/faq/#what-is-a-connectome","s":"","q":"What is a connectome? A connectome is a complete map of the neurons in a nervous system and the synaptic connections between them. MaleCNS v1.0 maps the entire central nervous system of a male fruit fly, brain and ventral nerve cord, at the level of individual synapses."},{"k":"Question","t":"Where does the fly brain data come from?","u":"/faq/#where-does-the-fly-brain-data-come-from","s":"","q":"Where does the fly brain data come from? The connectome is MaleCNS v1.0 from the FlyEM project at the HHMI Janelia Research Campus, published under a CC BY 4.0 license. The spiking network is built with flybrain 0.1.0, and the body is NeuroMechFly v2 from the flygym project."},{"k":"Question","t":"How does the fly see?","u":"/faq/#how-does-the-fly-see","s":"","q":"How does the fly see? In every experiment, the scene is rendered from the fly’s own head and delivered to the model as retinal input on a 32-column pathway. Display settings change what you see on screen, never what the fly sees. A compound-eye inspector shows the scene through 1,709 micro-CT-derived ommatidia directions."},{"k":"Question","t":"Does the fly learn?","u":"/faq/#does-the-fly-learn","s":"","q":"Does the fly learn? No. The connectome’s weights are fixed, and no plasticity is added, so the model does not learn between or during experiments. Its responses come from the wiring diagram as published."},{"k":"Question","t":"What experiments has the fly done?","u":"/faq/#what-experiments-has-the-fly-done","s":"","q":"What experiments has the fly done? The registry holds 68 experiments in six areas: rituals and ceremonies (including a Masonic Master Mason degree and a Roman Rite Mass), film and media, rides and expeditions, history and training, altered states, and laboratory assays and sensory benches. Each has its own page with setup, measurement, limitations and sources."},{"k":"Question","t":"What is the fly Master Mason experiment?","u":"/faq/#what-is-the-fly-master-mason-experiment","s":"","q":"What is the fly Master Mason experiment? In Master Mason, the fly is the candidate in a 52-stage Third Degree ceremony condensed from Duncan’s Ritual of Freemasonry (1866), with 27 other flies holding the lodge offices, through the raising and the closing. It runs in your browser."},{"k":"Question","t":"Can I run the experiments myself?","u":"/faq/#can-i-run-the-experiments-myself","s":"","q":"Can I run the experiments myself? 7 experiments run in your browser on this site, with camera views, a compound-eye inspector, wireframe views and a simulated neural panel. Research Associates ($10 a month on Patreon) get the full workstation’s source code, which runs every experiment and the full connectome model on macOS, Windows or Linux."},{"k":"Question","t":"How do I suggest or commission an experiment?","u":"/faq/#how-do-i-suggest-or-commission-an-experiment","s":"","q":"How do I suggest or commission an experiment? Anyone can suggest an experiment by posting it on social media and tagging the lab. A commissioned experiment costs $237, is guaranteed, and is delivered as a 1–4 minute recording within 14 days with a permanent page in the registry. Brands can sponsor an experiment from $1,000, with the placement disclosed."},{"k":"Question","t":"Are the body and the brain from the same fly?","u":"/faq/#are-the-body-and-the-brain-from-the-same-fly","s":"","q":"Are the body and the brain from the same fly? No. The body comes from a female fruit fly and the nervous system from a male, and the two are not anatomically registered. The workstation keeps that distinction explicit in its documentation."},{"k":"Question","t":"Who makes TheFlyBrain?","u":"/faq/#who-makes-theflybrain","s":"","q":"Who makes TheFlyBrain? TheFlyBrain is made by Paranoid American Labs, a division of Paranoid American. Recordings are published on YouTube, TikTok, Instagram and X."},{"k":"Neuron","t":"R1–R6 photoreceptors","u":"/neurons/r1-r6-photoreceptors/","s":"The six outer photoreceptors of each ommatidium, and the main input to motion vision.","q":"R1–R6 photoreceptors Outer photoreceptors R1-6 R1-6 Compound eye (retina); axons end in the lamina Vision: eye and optic lobe The six outer photoreceptors of each ommatidium, and the main input to motion vision. neuron fruit fly drosophila"},{"k":"Neuron","t":"R7 and R8 photoreceptors","u":"/neurons/r7-r8-photoreceptors/","s":"The two inner photoreceptors of each ommatidium: the basis of color vision and, at the dorsal rim, of polarized-light vision.","q":"R7 and R8 photoreceptors Inner photoreceptors R7 R8 Long visual fibres R7,R8 Compound eye (retina); axons end in the medulla Vision: eye and optic lobe The two inner photoreceptors of each ommatidium: the basis of color vision and, at the dorsal rim, of polarized-light vision. neuron fruit fly drosophila"},{"k":"Neuron","t":"Lamina monopolar cells L1–L5","u":"/neurons/lamina-monopolar-cells/","s":"The five lamina output neurons; L1 and L2 begin the ON and OFF pathways for motion vision.","q":"Lamina monopolar cells L1–L5 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 Lamina neurons L1,L2,L3,L4,L5 Lamina (optic lobe); axons end in the medulla Vision: eye and optic lobe The five lamina output neurons; L1 and L2 begin the ON and OFF pathways for motion vision. neuron fruit fly drosophila"},{"k":"Neuron","t":"Mi and Tm medulla neurons","u":"/neurons/mi-tm-medulla-neurons/","s":"Columnar medulla neurons that supply the ON (T4) and OFF (T5) motion detectors.","q":"Mi and Tm medulla neurons Mi1 Mi4 Mi9 Tm1 Tm2 Tm3 Tm4 Tm9 Medulla intrinsic neurons Transmedullary neurons Mi1,Mi4,Mi9,Tm1,Tm2,Tm3,Tm4,Tm9 Medulla (optic lobe); Tm axons reach the lobula Vision: eye and optic lobe Columnar medulla neurons that supply the ON (T4) and OFF (T5) motion detectors. neuron fruit fly drosophila"},{"k":"Neuron","t":"T4 and T5 motion detectors","u":"/neurons/t4-t5/","s":"The first direction-selective neurons of the visual system: T4 for moving bright edges, T5 for moving dark edges.","q":"T4 and T5 motion detectors T4a T4b T4c T4d T5a T5b T5c T5d Elementary motion detectors T4 ,T5  Medulla (T4) and lobula (T5); axons end in the lobula plate Vision: eye and optic lobe The first direction-selective neurons of the visual system: T4 for moving bright edges, T5 for moving dark edges. neuron fruit fly drosophila"},{"k":"Neuron","t":"Lobula columnar (LC) and LPLC neurons","u":"/neurons/lobula-columnar-neurons/","s":"Feature-detecting visual projection neurons that send each visual feature to its own optic glomerulus.","q":"Lobula columnar (LC) and LPLC neurons LC neurons LPLC neurons Visual projection neurons VPNs LC1 ,LC2 ,LC3 ,LC4,LC6,LC9,LPLC  Lobula and lobula plate; axons end in optic glomeruli of the central brain Vision: eye and optic lobe Feature-detecting visual projection neurons that send each visual feature to its own optic glomerulus. neuron fruit fly drosophila"},{"k":"Neuron","t":"LC4","u":"/neurons/lc4/","s":"Loom-sensitive visual projection neurons that tell the giant fiber how fast an approaching object expands.","q":"LC4 Lobula columnar type 4 ColA (in larger flies) LC4 Lobula; axons end in the LC4 optic glomerulus, where they meet the giant fiber Vision: eye and optic lobe Loom-sensitive visual projection neurons that tell the giant fiber how fast an approaching object expands. neuron fruit fly drosophila"},{"k":"Neuron","t":"LC10a","u":"/neurons/lc10a/","s":"Visual projection neurons tuned to small moving objects; males need them to orient toward and follow a female.","q":"LC10a LC10 neurons Lobula columnar type 10a LC10a Lobula; axons end in the anterior optic tubercle Vision: eye and optic lobe Visual projection neurons tuned to small moving objects; males need them to orient toward and follow a female. neuron fruit fly drosophila"},{"k":"Neuron","t":"LPLC2","u":"/neurons/lplc2/","s":"Ultra-selective looming detectors that respond to objects approaching on a collision course.","q":"LPLC2 Lobula plate/lobula columnar, type 2 Lobula plate–lobula columnar type II LPLC2 Lobula plate and lobula; axons end in an optic glomerulus, onto the giant fiber Vision: eye and optic lobe Ultra-selective looming detectors that respond to objects approaching on a collision course. neuron fruit fly drosophila"},{"k":"Neuron","t":"Kenyon cells","u":"/neurons/kenyon-cells/","s":"The intrinsic neurons of the mushroom body, which represent odors sparsely for learning and memory.","q":"Kenyon cells KCs Mushroom body intrinsic neurons γ, α′β′ and αβ neurons KC  Mushroom body: calyx, peduncle and lobes Learning and memory The intrinsic neurons of the mushroom body, which represent odors sparsely for learning and memory. neuron fruit fly drosophila"},{"k":"Neuron","t":"PAM dopaminergic neurons","u":"/neurons/pam-dopaminergic-neurons/","s":"Dopaminergic neurons that signal reward to the mushroom body.","q":"PAM dopaminergic neurons PAM cluster Protocerebral anterior medial dopaminergic neurons PAM  Protocerebral anterior medial cluster; output to the medial lobes of the mushroom body Learning and memory Dopaminergic neurons that signal reward to the mushroom body. neuron fruit fly drosophila"},{"k":"Neuron","t":"PFN neurons","u":"/neurons/pfn-neurons/","s":"Central complex neurons that combine heading with self-motion signals, a step in computing the direction of travel.","q":"PFN neurons P-FN neurons Protocerebral bridge–fan-shaped body–noduli neurons PFNa PFNd PFNm PFNp PFNv PFN  Central complex: protocerebral bridge, fan-shaped body and noduli Navigation Central complex neurons that combine heading with self-motion signals, a step in computing the direction of travel. neuron fruit fly drosophila"},{"k":"Neuron","t":"pC1 and P1 neurons","u":"/neurons/pc1-p1-neurons/","s":"A doublesex-expressing cluster; in males its P1 neurons can initiate courtship and set courtship arousal.","q":"pC1 and P1 neurons P1 neurons pC1 cluster doublesex-expressing pC1 neurons pC1  Dorsal posterior central brain near the mushroom body, branching in both hemispheres Courtship A doublesex-expressing cluster; in males its P1 neurons can initiate courtship and set courtship arousal. neuron fruit fly drosophila"},{"k":"Neuron","t":"DNp01 (giant fiber)","u":"/neurons/dnp01-giant-fiber/","s":"The giant fiber: a large descending neuron whose spike triggers a fast escape takeoff.","q":"DNp01 (giant fiber) Giant fiber Giant fibre GF Giant fiber neuron DNp01 Posterior brain; axon descends to the thoracic ganglion of the ventral nerve cord Descending and motor neurons The giant fiber: a large descending neuron whose spike triggers a fast escape takeoff. neuron fruit fly drosophila"},{"k":"Neuron","t":"DNa02","u":"/neurons/dna02/","s":"A descending neuron whose activity predicts turning; it shortens the strides of the legs on the inside of a turn.","q":"DNa02 DNa02 descending neuron DNa02 Anterior dorsal brain; axon descends on the same side into the ventral nerve cord Descending and motor neurons A descending neuron whose activity predicts turning; it shortens the strides of the legs on the inside of a turn. neuron fruit fly drosophila"},{"k":"Neuron","t":"Descending neurons","u":"/neurons/descending-neurons/","s":"About 1,300 neurons that carry commands from the brain through the neck to the ventral nerve cord.","q":"Descending neurons DNs Descending interneurons  descending_neuron Brain to ventral nerve cord, through the neck connective Descending and motor neurons About 1,300 neurons that carry commands from the brain through the neck to the ventral nerve cord. neuron fruit fly drosophila"},{"k":"Neuron","t":"Leg motor neurons","u":"/neurons/leg-motor-neurons/","s":"About 50 motor neurons per leg, recruited in order from slow, weak movements to fast, strong ones.","q":"Leg motor neurons Leg MNs Leg motoneurons  vnc_motor Ventral nerve cord (thoracic ganglia); axons end on leg muscles Descending and motor neurons About 50 motor neurons per leg, recruited in order from slow, weak movements to fast, strong ones. neuron fruit fly drosophila"},{"k":"Term","t":"Connectome","u":"/glossary/#connectome","s":"A map of the neurons of a nervous system and the synaptic connections between them.","q":"Connectome A map of the neurons of a nervous system and the synaptic connections between them. Fruit fly connectomes are reconstructed from electron microscopy: the hemibrain covers about 25,000 neurons of the central brain (Scheffer et al., 2020), FlyWire maps 139,255 neurons of a whole female brain (Dorkenwald et al., 2024), and the MaleCNS covers the brain and ventral nerve cord of a male. glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"MaleCNS","u":"/glossary/#malecns","s":"The connectome of the complete central nervous system of a male fruit fly, brain and…","q":"MaleCNS Male CNS connectome MaleCNS v1.0 The connectome of the complete central nervous system of a male fruit fly, brain and ventral nerve cord, reconstructed from electron microscopy by FlyEM at HHMI Janelia and collaborators and released under CC BY 4.0. TheFlyBrain’s model uses the retained MaleCNS v1.0 graph of 166,700 neurons and 25,582,938 directed connections. glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"FlyEM","u":"/glossary/#flyem","s":"The project team at HHMI’s Janelia Research Campus that reconstructs fruit fly connectomes…","q":"FlyEM The project team at HHMI’s Janelia Research Campus that reconstructs fruit fly connectomes from electron microscopy, including the hemibrain (Scheffer et al., 2020) and the MaleCNS. glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Hemibrain","u":"/glossary/#hemibrain","s":"A 2020 connectome of the central region of a fruit fly brain: about 25,000 neurons and…","q":"Hemibrain A 2020 connectome of the central region of a fruit fly brain: about 25,000 neurons and around 20 million connections, imaged in slices 8 nm thick (Scheffer et al., 2020). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"FlyWire","u":"/glossary/#flywire","s":"A connectome of the whole brain of an adult female fruit fly: 139,255 neurons and about 50…","q":"FlyWire A connectome of the whole brain of an adult female fruit fly: 139,255 neurons and about 50 million chemical synapses, reconstructed from electron microscopy, with annotations of cell types and predicted neurotransmitters (Dorkenwald et al., 2024). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Electron microscopy (EM)","u":"/glossary/#electron-microscopy","s":"Imaging with a beam of electrons instead of light, at a resolution high enough to see…","q":"Electron microscopy (EM) EM FIB-SEM Imaging with a beam of electrons instead of light, at a resolution high enough to see individual synapses. To build a connectome, a brain is imaged as a stack of very thin slices or milled layers, and every neuron is traced through the stack (Scheffer et al., 2020; Nern et al., 2025). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Skeleton reconstruction","u":"/glossary/#skeleton-reconstruction","s":"A simplified representation of a reconstructed neuron as a tree of connected points that…","q":"Skeleton reconstruction Neuron skeleton A simplified representation of a reconstructed neuron as a tree of connected points that follows its branches. The 3D views on this site draw downsampled skeletons of 626 MaleCNS neurons. glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Neuron","u":"/glossary/#neuron","s":"A cell that carries signals in the nervous system. A neuron receives input on its…","q":"Neuron Nerve cell A cell that carries signals in the nervous system. A neuron receives input on its dendrites and passes signals along its axon to other cells through synapses. Most insect neurons are unipolar: a single neurite leaves the cell body and branches into dendrites and axon. glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Soma","u":"/glossary/#soma","s":"The cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus. In insects the somata lie in a…","q":"Soma Cell body The cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus. In insects the somata lie in a rind, the cortex, around the neuropils, connected to the neuron’s branches by a single neurite. The faint dots in the site’s 3D views mark a sample of MaleCNS soma positions. glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Synapse","u":"/glossary/#synapse","s":"A junction where one neuron passes a signal to another. At a chemical synapse the sending…","q":"Synapse A junction where one neuron passes a signal to another. At a chemical synapse the sending cell releases a neurotransmitter; at an electrical synapse current flows directly between cells through gap junctions. Electron-microscopy connectomes record the chemical synapses between neurons (Dorkenwald et al., 2024). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Cell type","u":"/glossary/#cell-type","s":"A group of neurons with the same shape, position and connections, given a shared name such…","q":"Cell type A group of neurons with the same shape, position and connections, given a shared name such as T4a, LC4 or DNp01. One optic lobe of a male fly contains about 53,000 neurons classified into 732 types (Nern et al., 2025). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Spiking neural network","u":"/glossary/#spiking-neural-network","s":"A model in which each neuron produces discrete spikes when its membrane voltage crosses a…","q":"Spiking neural network Spiking neuron model flybrain A model in which each neuron produces discrete spikes when its membrane voltage crosses a threshold, and the spikes reach other neurons through weighted connections. TheFlyBrain’s workstation runs the MaleCNS graph as such a network with flybrain 0.1.0, an open-source Python package (MIT License). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF)","u":"/glossary/#leaky-integrate-and-fire","s":"A simple spiking neuron model: each unit adds up its inputs, its voltage decays (leaks)…","q":"Leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) LIF neuron A simple spiking neuron model: each unit adds up its inputs, its voltage decays (leaks) back toward rest, and it fires a spike and resets when the voltage reaches a threshold. flybrain 0.1.0 uses LIF units with a common 100 ms membrane time constant and a 20 ms step, so it cannot represent rates above 50 spikes per second. glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Fixed weights","u":"/glossary/#fixed-weights","s":"Connection strengths that stay constant. The weights of TheFlyBrain’s model are the same…","q":"Fixed weights Connection strengths that stay constant. The weights of TheFlyBrain’s model are the same in every experiment, so the model does not learn. glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Synaptic plasticity","u":"/glossary/#synaptic-plasticity","s":"An activity-dependent change in the strength of a synapse, the cellular basis of learning.","q":"Synaptic plasticity Plasticity An activity-dependent change in the strength of a synapse, the cellular basis of learning. In the mushroom body, dopaminergic neurons are positioned to modify the synapses from Kenyon cells onto output neurons (Aso et al., 2014). TheFlyBrain’s model has no plasticity. glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Ventral nerve cord (VNC)","u":"/glossary/#ventral-nerve-cord","s":"The part of the fly’s central nervous system in the thorax, its counterpart of the spinal…","q":"Ventral nerve cord (VNC) VNC Nerve cord The part of the fly’s central nervous system in the thorax, its counterpart of the spinal cord, which contains the circuits that sense and move the legs and wings. The ventral nerve cord of an adult female contains roughly 14,600 neuronal cell bodies and 45 million synapses (Azevedo et al., 2024). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Descending neuron","u":"/glossary/#descending-neuron","s":"A neuron that carries signals from the brain through the neck to the ventral nerve cord.","q":"Descending neuron DN A neuron that carries signals from the brain through the neck to the ventral nerve cord. Complete connectomes count about 1,300 in the fruit fly, alongside about 1,700 to 1,900 ascending neurons that carry information the other way (Stürner et al., 2025). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Motor neuron","u":"/glossary/#motor-neuron","s":"A neuron whose axon ends on a muscle and makes it contract. About 50 motor neurons operate…","q":"Motor neuron Motoneuron MN A neuron whose axon ends on a muscle and makes it contract. About 50 motor neurons operate each fruit fly leg (Azevedo et al., 2020). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Optic lobe","u":"/glossary/#optic-lobe","s":"The visual part of the fly brain on each side, behind the compound eye. Its neuropils are…","q":"Optic lobe The visual part of the fly brain on each side, behind the compound eye. Its neuropils are the lamina, medulla, lobula and lobula plate. One optic lobe of a male fly contains about 53,000 neurons (Nern et al., 2025). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Lamina","u":"/glossary/#lamina","s":"The first neuropil of the optic lobe. It is built from cartridges, each receiving R1–R6…","q":"Lamina The first neuropil of the optic lobe. It is built from cartridges, each receiving R1–R6 photoreceptor input and containing the lamina monopolar cells L1–L5 (Meinertzhagen and O'Neil, 1991). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Medulla","u":"/glossary/#medulla","s":"The second neuropil of the optic lobe, organized in columns and layers. R7 and R8…","q":"Medulla The second neuropil of the optic lobe, organized in columns and layers. R7 and R8 photoreceptors end here (Gao et al., 2008), and lamina signals are split into parallel channels, including the ON and OFF pathways that feed the T4 and T5 motion detectors (Takemura et al., 2013). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Lobula","u":"/glossary/#lobula","s":"A neuropil of the optic lobe that contains the dendrites of T5 motion detectors and of…","q":"Lobula A neuropil of the optic lobe that contains the dendrites of T5 motion detectors and of lobula columnar (LC) visual projection neurons, whose axons carry visual features to the central brain (Wu et al., 2016). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Lobula plate","u":"/glossary/#lobula-plate","s":"A neuropil of the optic lobe with four layers, one for each cardinal direction of motion…","q":"Lobula plate A neuropil of the optic lobe with four layers, one for each cardinal direction of motion, where the axons of the T4 and T5 subtypes terminate (Maisak et al., 2013). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Ommatidium","u":"/glossary/#ommatidium","s":"One of the many unit eyes that make up the compound eye. Each fruit fly ommatidium has its…","q":"Ommatidium Ommatidia Unit eye One of the many unit eyes that make up the compound eye. Each fruit fly ommatidium has its own lens and eight photoreceptors, R1 to R8 (Meinertzhagen and O'Neil, 1991). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Compound eye","u":"/glossary/#compound-eye","s":"An eye made of many ommatidia, each looking at a small part of the visual field.","q":"Compound eye An eye made of many ommatidia, each looking at a small part of the visual field. The browser previews on this site include a modeled compound-eye mosaic for inspection; the input the model receives is the separate 32-column retinal input. glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Photoreceptor","u":"/glossary/#photoreceptor","s":"A light-sensing cell. Each fruit fly ommatidium has six outer photoreceptors (R1–R6), used…","q":"Photoreceptor A light-sensing cell. Each fruit fly ommatidium has six outer photoreceptors (R1–R6), used mainly for motion vision, and two inner ones (R7 and R8), which provide color vision (Gao et al., 2008; Wardill et al., 2012). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Retinal input (32 columns)","u":"/glossary/#retinal-input","s":"The visual input of TheFlyBrain’s model. Each scene is rendered from the fly’s head…","q":"Retinal input (32 columns) Retina 32-column retina The visual input of TheFlyBrain’s model. Each scene is rendered from the fly’s head, averaged vertically into 32 luminance columns across the visual field, and delivered to the model’s photoreceptors by estimated azimuth. It carries no color or vertical structure, is not a model of compound-eye optics, and display settings never change it. glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"ON and OFF pathways","u":"/glossary/#on-and-off-pathways","s":"Parallel visual channels for brightness increments (ON) and decrements (OFF).","q":"ON and OFF pathways Parallel visual channels for brightness increments (ON) and decrements (OFF). In the fly they begin with lamina neurons L1 (ON) and L2 (OFF) and end in the T4 (ON) and T5 (OFF) motion detectors (Joesch et al., 2010; Maisak et al., 2013). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Optic flow","u":"/glossary/#optic-flow","s":"The pattern of motion across the eyes produced by an animal’s own movement, such as the…","q":"Optic flow The pattern of motion across the eyes produced by an animal’s own movement, such as the wide-field rotation seen when a fly turns. In the fly, local motion is computed by T4 and T5 and integrated by wide-field motion-sensitive neurons of the lobula plate (Maisak et al., 2013). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Looming","u":"/glossary/#looming","s":"The rapid expansion of an object’s image as it approaches on a collision course.","q":"Looming The rapid expansion of an object’s image as it approaches on a collision course. In the fly, looming is detected by visual projection neurons such as LC4 and LPLC2, which drive the giant fiber escape neuron (Klapoetke et al., 2017; Ache et al., 2019). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Visual projection neuron","u":"/glossary/#visual-projection-neuron","s":"A neuron that carries visual information from the optic lobe to the central brain.","q":"Visual projection neuron VPN Optic glomerulus A neuron that carries visual information from the optic lobe to the central brain. Each lobula columnar (LC) type sends its axons to its own compact target region, an optic glomerulus (Wu et al., 2016). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Mushroom body","u":"/glossary/#mushroom-body","s":"A paired brain structure for associative learning and memory, formed on each side by the…","q":"Mushroom body A paired brain structure for associative learning and memory, formed on each side by the parallel axons of about 2,000 Kenyon cells and divided into 15 compartments by output and dopaminergic neurons (Aso et al., 2014). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Kenyon cell","u":"/glossary/#kenyon-cell","s":"An intrinsic neuron of the mushroom body. Kenyon cells respond sparsely to odors, and…","q":"Kenyon cell KC An intrinsic neuron of the mushroom body. Kenyon cells respond sparsely to odors, and their synapses onto mushroom body output neurons are where dopamine is positioned to act during learning (Turner et al., 2008; Aso et al., 2014). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Central complex","u":"/glossary/#central-complex","s":"A group of neuropils on the midline of the fly brain (the protocerebral bridge, fan-shaped…","q":"Central complex A group of neuropils on the midline of the fly brain (the protocerebral bridge, fan-shaped body, ellipsoid body and noduli) that supports directed locomotion, sleep and navigation and keeps track of the fly’s heading (Hulse et al., 2021). glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Micro-CT","u":"/glossary/#micro-ct","s":"X-ray micro-computed tomography: a scan that reconstructs an object’s 3D structure from…","q":"Micro-CT X-ray micro-computed tomography X-ray micro-computed tomography: a scan that reconstructs an object’s 3D structure from X-ray images taken from many angles. The NeuroMechFly body model used for the fly is derived from micro-CT scans of a female fruit fly. glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"NeuroMechFly","u":"/glossary/#neuromechfly","s":"An open neuromechanical model of the adult fruit fly body; version 2 adds vision…","q":"NeuroMechFly NeuroMechFly v2 An open neuromechanical model of the adult fruit fly body; version 2 adds vision, olfaction, ascending motor feedback and complex terrain (Wang-Chen et al., 2024). The fly on this site uses NeuroMechFly v2 body assets with 69 articulated segments. Its body and the MaleCNS nervous system come from different specimens and are not anatomically registered. glossary definition"},{"k":"Term","t":"Drosophila melanogaster","u":"/glossary/#drosophila-melanogaster","s":"The common fruit fly, one of the most widely studied animals in genetics and neuroscience.","q":"Drosophila melanogaster Fruit fly Common fruit fly Vinegar fly The common fruit fly, one of the most widely studied animals in genetics and neuroscience. A complete synapse-level wiring diagram of an adult female brain was published in 2024 (Dorkenwald et al., 2024). TheFlyBrain’s fly, Specimen 237, is a model of this species. glossary definition"},{"k":"Page","t":"Neuron types","u":"/neurons/","s":"17 fruit fly neuron types with 3D views","q":"neurons neuron types cell types reference photoreceptor giant fiber kenyon descending motor"},{"k":"Page","t":"Glossary","u":"/glossary/","s":"37 terms defined","q":"glossary terms definitions dictionary connectome"}]